USA:  Decadence or Renewal?

Japan’s Rise and the U.S. Economic Leadership

During the 1980s, there was widespread belief that the United States would be economically overtaken by Japan. The reasons for this view were that “America” had ceased to be the […]

Spain in NATO or NATO in Spain

Spain’s NATO Shift: From Neutrality to Alliance

In 1982, 43 years ago, Spain joined NATO, ending its traditional policy of neutrality not only in relation to the two major world conflicts, but also in those that followed. […]

How the Israel-Iran war could impact Latin America

Israel-Iran War: Risks for Latin America

The escalating war between Israel and Iran is not just a regional crisis — it has serious global repercussions, including for Latin America. While geographically distant, Ibero-American nations are deeply […]